Resource: A Passage to India, by Walt Whitman

Print Background Essay

In 1869, Walt Whitman saw the opening of the Suez Canal as reason for celebration, for this new passage to India was both a marvel of engineering and an opportunity to connect with the spiritual traditions of faraway lands. His verse argues that there are different ways of knowing—through scientific knowledge and through the wisdom of ancient stories—in its first three lines: "Not you alone, proud truths of the world!/ Nor you alone, ye facts of modern science!/ But myths and fables of eld—Asia's, Africa's fables!" At this point—in part because the sentence's subject and verb have yet to come—the reader doesn't know why the speaker includes myths and fables in this group. But the next seven lines make clear his admiration for these ancient civilizations.

Repetition plays a key role in his praise. Lines four through six start with "the;" the next three lines, and five out of the next six, have "you" as the first or second word; and all of the lines end with punctuation that creates a full stop. The effect—one lush phrase following another—adds emphasis to the celebration of these fables and their mystical power.

By the time the subject and verb of the sentence arrive—"You too I welcome, and fully, the same as the rest"—the speaker's reverence is clear. He welcomes Eastern and African "bibles," "religions," and "temples" as much as Western ones. Whitman's use of the present tense in the stanza's final line, "You too with joy I sing," implicitly compares poetry to song, and after so many longer lines, its monosyllabic simplicity makes the praise even more immediate and joyful.

Whitman uses repetition—repeating first words and ending lines with punctuation—in the next stanza as well. Here, in conversation with his soul, the speaker gives voice to God's purpose for the new passage to India: to bring people together. When "The earth be spann'd, connected by net-work," barriers are erased, love is nurtured, and people evolve. Imagining a peaceful new era, the speaker proclaims:

A worship new, I sing;
You captains, voyagers, explorers, yours!
You engineers! You architects, machinists, yours!
You, not for trade or transportation only,
But in God's name, and for thy sake, O soul.

With his eye fixed on a higher purpose, the speaker addresses all the people who made the canal possible. Just as the Suez Canal links distant parts of the world, Whitman's poetry links both ancient religions and modern technology, God and engineering, and the terminology associated with each. In doing so, he is guiding us, looking into a bright future and extending an invitation that is both tender and challenging.

Read a biography of the poet Walt Whitman at the Poetry Foundation.

Print Teaching Tips

• Whitman writes in free verse—without regular rhyme or meter—but is it really free? What poetic devices does he use to structure his poetry? How does he use line length and sentence structure to keep his lines varied and appealing to the ear?
• How does the act of praising something change that something or give it new meaning? What inventions or projects might a poet praise now, and why?
• What type of society does Whitman seem to be arguing for and celebrating? Has Whitman's dream for the future come true?
• How has Eastern thought and religion influenced the world we live in?
• Examine the role of the speaker in this poem. How easy is it, in this particular poem, to separate the poet from his speaker?
• Which parts of this poem use the diction of "myths and fables"? Which parts seem "modern" or "scientific"? What other different dictions can you spot in the poem—either in this excerpt or in "Passage to India" as a whole?