Resource: Robotic Exploration of Space Timeline

During the past century, humans have evolved from Earth-bound scientists into true space explorers. Observational research is still conducted by telescopes from Earth's surface, but advanced technology has provided opportunities for exploring space from new perspectives. A variety of space missions have sent instruments, robots, and even people to visit and explore other solar system objects.

Since the successful 1957 launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, into orbit around Earth, more and more countries have joined the space age. What began as a "space race" — in which the United States and the Soviet Union raced each other to demonstrate superiority in space technology — has evolved into a worldwide effort to find scientific answers. The International Space Station, a manned spaceflight project, relies on the cooperative efforts of the scientific and technological community of 16 nations.

Because of the challenge and expense of space travel, only a select number of people have had the opportunity to experience it. Robotic exploration of space is much more practical -- unmanned missions are able to explore the solar system in ways that humans cannot. Robots are ideal for space research because they can be designed and built expressly for the mission at hand. They are able to withstand the hostile conditions of space and to survive the long mission timelines. Equipped with scientific instruments such as telescopes, cameras, and spectrographs, robotic spacecraft are able to safely delve into space and radio back scientific data to researchers on Earth.

Different spacecraft perform particular scientific functions, and robotic space missions can be categorized into a few general categories. A flyby gathers as much data as possible as the spacecraft travels near the target object. An orbiter allows for a longer period of study because the spacecraft is placed into orbit around the object. Probes fall through atmospheres to study them, and landers gather data about the surfaces of the objects on which they land. Rovers also study the surfaces of objects, but they are mobile and thus can examine a greater area. Some missions combine multiple components, such as the Cassini-Huygens mission, which did a flyby of Venus and Jupiter while on its way to visit Saturn and its moons. Upon reaching Saturn, the Cassini orbiter studied the planet, while the Huygens probe studied the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan.

To learn more about the Mars Exploration Rover mission, check out Mars Dead or Alive: A Hostile Environment.

To learn more about lunar landings, check out How Do You Get to the Moon?.

• What questions do scientists hope to answer through robotic space exploration?
• How has space exploration affected the lives of Americans?
• What impact do you think World War II and the Cold War between the USA and USSR had on space exploration?
• Choose a decade. Describe how science knowledge and development of technologies limited and advanced the development of robotic space exploration.
• Pick an event from a decade that you think is interesting and explain why it captured your interest.