Resource: Joe Dickson

Joe Dickson grew up in Fairfield, Alabama, an industrial town adjacent to Birmingham, in the 1930s and 1940s. At the time, Birmingham was one of the most segregated cities in the South. Segregation ordinances made it illegal for blacks and whites to sit together in any public facility, from parks and restaurants to buses and classrooms, and they were often enforced with violence against African Americans. Local police offered no protection. In fact, many city officials and local police officers belonged to the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist organization that used terrorist tactics to enforce segregation.

Dickson attended local segregated schools. Black schools had less funding and fewer resources than white schools, but Dickson was a strong student and was considered a leader among his peers. In 1953, following his graduation from high school, Joe was drafted into the Army and served for two years. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated schools were unconstitutional, but it would take years for many states to comply. In the meantime, limited access to equal education and employment opportunities determined the economic outlook for most African Americans. For the average young black man in Birmingham, the best employment opportunities were in local mines and mills. It was dirty, hot, and dangerous work. Dickson got a job as a dishwasher.

In 1955, he enrolled in Miles College, a predominantly black college on the outskirts of Birmingham. At Miles, Dickson led student protests against segregation and worked against voting discrimination. Although the Fifteenth Amendment of 1871 prohibited discrimination in voting, very few African Americans could actually register to vote in Birmingham and other southern cities. In order to register, African Americans had to pass random literacy tests, asking such questions as: How many bubbles are in a bar of soap? How many grains of sand are on the seashore? Poll taxes, random hours at the registrar's office, and violence against those who tried to register also kept the numbers very low. In 1955, despite these obstacles, Dickson became a registered voter and helped others pass the voter registration test.

After graduating from Miles College, Dickson worked as an insurance agent for Dr. A.G. Gaston, the only black millionaire in the city. He later attended Howard Law School, and moved to New York. By then the bus boycotts, Freedom Rides, school desegregation efforts, and incidents of racial violence defined the Civil Rights movement and generated national coverage of civil rights issues. In 1962, after seeing a special report on Birmingham's racial tension, Dickson moved back to Birmingham. There, he participated in a student-led boycott of downtown businesses that discriminated against African Americans in hiring and service.

The selective buying campaign, as it was called, used black buying power to leverage for equal rights. By creating an economic crisis, Dickson and other demonstrators forced white business owners to listen to their demands for equality. The boycott and subsequent activities of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights set the stage for Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership's campaign of 1963, and ultimately led to the desegregation of Birmingham.

What were African Americans required to do to register to vote? How were these requirements different from those for other citizens?

What did the mass meetings help to achieve the goals of the voter registration campaign?

What was the role of the church? What was the role of music?

How is Martin Luther King Jr. described as a leader? What qualities are noted?