Resource: Miriam McClendon

Miriam McClendon was born in 1949 in the Wenonah mining camp, near Birmingham, Alabama. She grew up under strict segregation; separate facilities for black and whites, from water fountains to classrooms, were sanctioned by law. Moreover, segregation was often enforced with violence and police brutality. During the Civil Rights movement, activists were beaten and sometimes murdered. Local police offered no protection. In fact, the city was nicknamed "Bombingham" for the numerous bomb attacks on African Americans.

McClendon's family discussed race very little at home, but in high school McClendon attended a civil rights mass meeting with her mother and embraced the struggle for racial equality. Speeches by civil rights leaders such as James Bevel and Martin Luther King Jr. challenged the unequal status of blacks and whites and inspired her to take action, even though she was only 14.

On May 2, 1963, civil rights leaders led Wenonah High School students on a seven-mile march to the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in nearby Birmingham. McClendon and a hundred other students marched to the church, the staging area for the demonstrations, where they joined students from schools in other parts of the city. There the students were organized into protest groups and spent the next four days demonstrating against discrimination in Birmingham.

Police Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor tried to stop the demonstrations with police dogs and fire hoses. The hoses had enough pressure to blow the bark off a tree or roll a child down the street, and they did. But the marches continued. McClendon's group was assigned to picket a store, where they were arrested and put in jail. By May 6, approximately 2,000 children were arrested and jailed in what came to be known as the Children's Crusade.

National news coverage stunned the public with images of the violence in the streets of Birmingham. President John F. Kennedy was forced to take action. For the first time, he declared civil rights a "moral issue" and began drafting federal legislation that would protect the rights of African American citizens. The resulting Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation and discrimination in all public facilities.

In 1965, McClendon attended Miles College. There, she met Stokely Carmichael. who advocated a more aggressive approach to racial equality, even black militancy. McClendon started a campus newsletter that reported news and provided information about the Civil Rights movement. The newsletter decried faculty who did not support the students' efforts and nominated them for the "[Uncle] Tom of the Week Award," implying that passivism effectively supported segregation.

What did Miriam McClendon and her friends risk when they walked from their school to downtown Birmingham? What did they hope to achieve?

Discuss your reactions to McClendon's experience in jail. Why were she and her friends put in a "sweatbox?"

What was the strategy of "filling-up the jails?" Why was this strategy useful?