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Tactics for Justice: School Desegregation

Resource Grade Level Media Type
Boston Desegregation  

Boston Desegregation
This excerpt from WGBH's Evening Compass news program summarizes events of the first year of the 1974 Boston school desegregation plan.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Brown: A Landmark Case  

Brown: A Landmark Case
This video segment describes the players and events of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision and how it galvanized the Civil Rights movement as well as white resistance.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Burke Marshall  

Burke Marshall
Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall, in this transcript of an interview for Eyes on the Prize, remembers mediating the 1962 desegregation of the University of Mississippi.

9-12 PDF Document
Bus to the Burbs  

Bus to the Burbs
This video excerpt from La Plaza: "Bus to the Burbs" looks at METCO, a voluntary busing program in Boston.

6-12 QuickTime Video
The Civil Rights Movement in America, 1945-1975  

The Civil Rights Movement in America, 1945-1975
This interactive timeline provides a chronological and geographic view of the events of the Civil Rights era and its aftermath.

K-12 Flash Interactive
A Class Divided 1: The Daring Lesson  

A Class Divided 1: The Daring Lesson
This segment from FRONTLINE: "A Class Divided" profiles an experiment in discrimination based on eye color that took place in a third-grade class in 1970.

3-12 Real Video
A Class Divided 2: Day Two  

A Class Divided 2: Day Two
This segment from FRONTLINE: "A Class Divided" profiles the second day of an experiment in discrimination based on eye color that took place in a third-grade class in 1970.

3-12 Real Video
A Class Divided 3: An Interview with Jane Elliott  

A Class Divided 3: An Interview with Jane Elliott
In this Web-exclusive interview for FRONTLINE, Jane Elliott discusses her abiding sense that her lesson on bigotry is as necessary today as it was in 1968.

6-12 HTML Document
Constance Baker Motley  

Constance Baker Motley
In this transcript of an interview for Eyes on the Prize, Justice Constance Baker Motley recalls her role as an NAACP attorney in landmark school desegregation cases.

9-12 PDF Document
Desegregation in San Francisco  

Desegregation in San Francisco
This audio excerpt from National Public Radio's All Things Considered examines policies designed to achieve racial diversity in San Francisco's schools and their impact on Chinese Americans.

6-12 Real Audio
Desegregation Mandate: Jefferson County, AL  

Desegregation Mandate: Jefferson County, AL
A 1967 federal court order resulted in this document, which mandated school desegregation in Birmingham.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i> 1: The Fourteenth Amendment  

Documenting Brown 1: The Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment established the equal protection clause, later used in key desegregation cases.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i> 2: <i>Plessy v. Ferguson</i>  

Documenting Brown 2: Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court's 1896 ruling legalized the "separate but equal" doctrine that sanctioned segregation.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i> 3: <i>Gong Lum v. Rice</i>  

Documenting Brown 3: Gong Lum v. Rice
The Supreme Court's 1927 opinion in Gong Lum v. Rice affirmed legalized school segregation.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i> 4: <i>Mendez v. Westminster</i>  

Documenting Brown 4: Mendez v. Westminster
This 1946 federal court ruling marked a victory for Mexican Americans and chipped away at the "separate but equal" doctrine, declaring segregated schools based on national origin unconstitutional.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i> 5: <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i>, 1954  

Documenting Brown 5: Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
The Supreme Court's landmark opinion overturned its earlier ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregated schools unconstitutional.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i> 6: <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i>, 1955  

Documenting Brown 6: Brown v. Board of Education, 1955
The Supreme Court's opinion in Brown II reflects the struggle between federal and state governments on how and when school desegregation would occur.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i> 7: Civil Rights Act of 1964  

Documenting Brown 7: Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped enforce the Brown ruling, a decade later.

6-12 PDF Document
Documenting <i>Brown</i>: Collected Excerpts  

Documenting Brown: Collected Excerpts
This collection of excerpts from legislation and court decisions documents key phases of the legal struggle to gain and implement equal education.

6-12 PDF Document
Getting an Education  

Getting an Education
This video segment, adapted from NOVA, chronicles the education of leading chemist Percy Julian. Although Julian began his elementary school years in the Deep South under Jim Crow laws, he became one of the few African Americans of his time to earn a Ph.D.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Harry Briggs, Sr. and Eliza Briggs  

Harry Briggs, Sr. and Eliza Briggs
In this transcript of an interview for Eyes on the Prize, Harry and Eliza Briggs describe their experience in the first school desegregation case, Briggs v. Elliott.

6-12 PDF Document
Hyde County School Boycott  

Hyde County School Boycott
This slide show tells the story of a yearlong boycott to protest the closing of historically black schools in Hyde County, North Carolina.

3-12 Flash Image
<i>Brown</i> Reactions: Black Educators  

Brown Reactions: Black Educators
This 1954 statement, issued by a group of black educators, strongly endorses the Supreme Court's Brown ruling.

6-12 PDF Document
<i>Brown</i> Reactions: Editorials  

Brown Reactions: Editorials
This sampling of newspaper editorials from the mid-1950s reflects the range of public opinion and responses to the Brown decision.

6-12 PDF Document
<i>Brown</i> Reactions: Judge Brady  

Brown Reactions: Judge Brady
This 1954 statement from Tom Brady, a founder of the White Citizens' Council movement, expresses opposition to the Brown decision.

6-12 PDF Document
<i>Brown</i> Reactions: Zora Neale Hurston  

Brown Reactions: Zora Neale Hurston
Zora Neale Hurston's 1955 letter to the editor expresses her belief that the Brown decision would prove detrimental to the educational interests of black students.

6-12 PDF Document
Ike and Little Rock  

Ike and Little Rock
This video segment, adapted from American Experience: "Ike", profiles the president's controversial response to the Little Rock school desegregation crisis in 1957.

6-12 QuickTime Video
<i>Mendez v. Westminster</i>: Desegregating California's Schools  

Mendez v. Westminster: Desegregating California's Schools
Sylvia Mendez recalls the conditions that led Mexican Americans to sue for desegregation in the 1940s in this segment from Mendez vs. Westminster: Para Todos los Niños/For All the Children, from KOCE-TV.

3-12 QuickTime Video
Implementing Brown  

Implementing Brown
Point/counterpoint commentary on the president's actions after the Brown ruling; from American Experience: "Eisenhower."

6-12 QuickTime Video
Little Rock Nine  

Little Rock Nine
This collection of photos shows scenes from the controversial desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957.

6-12 Flash Image
Melba Pattillo Beals  

Melba Pattillo Beals
Melba Patillo Beals was one of nine black students who desegregated Little Rock's Central High School in 1957. In this interview, recorded for Eyes on the Prize, Beals describes her tumultuous experience.

9-12 QuickTime Video
Reconsidering <i>Brown</i>  

Reconsidering Brown
In these video segments, leading historians and legal scholars reflect on the promise of the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, and why it remains unfulfilled.

9-12 HTML Document
Reconstruction and Black Education  

Reconstruction and Black Education
This mini-documentary from the American Experience: "Reconstruction" Web site follows post-Civil War development of public education for African Americans in the South and the resistance it sparked.

3-12 QuickTime Video
Re-Examining <i>Brown</i>  

Re-Examining Brown
This lesson explores the historical complexity of the struggle to desegregate schools, the geographic scope of racism, conditions that prompted activism and litigation, and how laws have changed over time.

9-12 Lesson Plan
Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth  

Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth
This oral history transcript from the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute documents the tumultuous life and leadership of the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, who survived a bomb attack that destroyed his home.

6-12 PDF Document
The Road to Brown  

The Road to Brown
This video segment looks at history of the NAACP's efforts to convince the Supreme Court that segregated schools were unconstitutional, leading up to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education cases.

9-12 QuickTime Video
Segregated Schooling in Alabama  

Segregated Schooling in Alabama
This scrapbook documents conditions in Birmingham's segregated schools in 1963, as well as white resistance to integration.

3-5 PDF Image
Segregated Schooling in South Carolina  

Segregated Schooling in South Carolina
In this video segment, produced for the Levine Museum of the New South, Joseph De Laine Jr. and Ophelia De Laine Gona describe conditions in segregated South Carolina schools.

3-12 QuickTime Video
Segregation Ordinances: Birmingham, AL  

Segregation Ordinances: Birmingham, AL
This document from 1951 spells out Birmingham's segregation ordinances, the laws requiring the separation of the races.

6-12 PDF Document
Sherman Oaks, a Model for Integration  

Sherman Oaks, a Model for Integration
This audio segment from National Public Radio's All Things Considered tells the story of a California school designed to end segregation.

6-12 Real Audio
Simple Justice 1: A Handful of Lawyers  

Simple Justice 1: A Handful of Lawyers
This segment from American Experience: "Simple Justice" profiles Charles Houston's strategy for attacking segregation and how he trained the legal team that eventually argued the Brown case.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Simple Justice 2: Social Science Evidence  

Simple Justice 2: Social Science Evidence
This segment from American Experience: "Simple Justice" documents Dr. Kenneth Clark's "doll test," which became important social science evidence in the Brown case.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Simple Justice 3: The Trial Begins  

Simple Justice 3: The Trial Begins
This segment from American Experience: "Simple Justice" captures the legal issues and opening arguments in Brown v. Board of Education.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Simple Justice 4: Arguing the Fourteenth Amendment  

Simple Justice 4: Arguing the Fourteenth Amendment
This segment from American Experience: "Simple Justice" explores the issue at the heart of Brown v. Board of Education: whether the Fourteenth Amendment applied to segregated schools.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Simple Justice 5: Marshall's Closing Statement  

Simple Justice 5: Marshall's Closing Statement
This segment from American Experience: "Simple Justice" reenacts Thurgood Marshall's closing statement in Brown v. Board of Education.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Simple Justice 6: Justice Warren Reads the Decision  

Simple Justice 6: Justice Warren Reads the Decision
This segment from American Experience: "Simple Justice" explores the dynamics and arguments among the Supreme Court justices who ruled in Brown v. Board of Education.

6-12 QuickTime Video
Strategies for an Equal Education  

Strategies for an Equal Education
Students examine the inequality in education faced by African Americans in the 20th century. They review the Fourteenth Amendment, identify and examine strategies used to overcome discrimination, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each.

6-12 Lesson Plan
Taking a Stand  

Taking a Stand
This lesson provides an introduction to the discrimination and segregation that triggered the Civil Rights movement, through the eyes of some of the youngest activists at the time.

3-5 Lesson Plan
Vanessa Venable  

Vanessa Venable
In this transcript of an interview for Eyes on the Prize, Vanessa Venable describes the impact of school closings in Prince Edward County, Virginia from 1959-1964.

6-12 PDF Document